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The first crack in the unretrofitted adobe structure occurred during the test at an acceleration level of 0.17 g and input displacement of 5.8 cm, and, owing to the loss of structural integrity, separation of the out-of-plane walls occurred. The level at which the elastic, first cracking, behavior of unretrofitted adobe building walls occurs is not usually significant because the walls of most historic buildings could already have some crack damage from water, earthquakes, or foundation settlement. During subsequent tests, many additional cracks appeared in all walls, and after the final dynamic test, the model was heavily damaged. Development of almost vertical and horizontal cracks was evident in the out-of-plane walls. After the final test the model suffered large nonlinear damage that resulted in the collapse of the east gable end wall (see fig. 8).
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(PhysOrg.com) -- The proportion of women who lead California’s largest companies is growing at such a slow pace that it will take more than a century for women business leaders to achieve parity with men, a UC Davis study has found. googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1449240174198-2'); ); The seventh annual UC Davis Study of California Women Business Leaders found that women still occupy fewer than one in 10 of the top posts at the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California — a rate that has improved by just 0.2 percent annually.The study also showed that more than a third of California’s corporate giants — including household names like Adobe Systems Inc., Hansen Natural Corp. and Skechers USA Inc. — had no women among their highest-paid executives or board directors.Together, the companies in the study represent nearly $3 trillion in shareholder value.“Having more women involved at the highest levels of business management and corporate governance brings greater diversity of thinking styles, industry knowledge, educational background and career experience, yet we continue to find disappointingly small proportions of women in leadership roles in what is widely regarded as a progressive, trend-setting state,” said Steven Currall, dean of the UC Davis Graduate School of Management, which releases the study each year.“There are plenty of qualified women to hire and promote, but the vast majority of the 400 largest public companies in the state don’t seem to recognize that. Our mission is to change that,” Currall said.The survey is the only one of its kind to focus on gender equity in the boardrooms and executive suites of corporate California.The study looked at the five highest-paid executives for each company, also called “named executive officers,” as reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The study examined filing data available as of June 2011. The 400 companies were selected based on market capitalization.Key findings of this year’s study:• Overall, women held 9.7 percent of board seats and highest-paid executive positions — similar to last year’s findings.• More than one-third, or 136 (34 percent), of the 400 companies had no women among their board directors or highest-paid executives.• Women accounted for 9.2 percent of the 1,925 highest-paid executives reported by the 400 companies.• Women held 10 percent of the 3,224 board seats in the 400 companies.• No company had an all-female board or executive management team.• No company had both a gender-balanced board and executive management team.• More than 40 percent of the 136 companies that tied for last place, with no women executives or board members, are high-tech companies.• Only 13 public companies had a woman CEO, down from 16 in 2010.• The number of women CFOs increased from 35 last year to 45 this year — a 28.6 percent increase. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle []).push(); For the second year in a row, the company with the best gender balance was Brisbane-based bebe stores inc. The women’s apparel company reported that women held 40 percent of the highest-paid executive and board director seats. The 2011 study was released at a news conference here at bebe stores.“We celebrate women and diversity every day,” said Manny Mashouf, founder and chairman of bebe stores. “Our brands and marketing speak to women, their independence, power and confidence.”Southern California-based Wet Seal Inc., also a women’s apparel company, showed a dramatic rise in its ranking. Last year, the company had only one woman among its highest-paid executives and board directors. This year, Wet Seal tied for second place, with women holding 36.4 percent of the top positions. In addition, Wet Seal was among the 13 public companies statewide with a woman CEO.The San Francisco Bay Area is home to 208 of the companies surveyed, while 178 are based in Southern CaliforniaOrange County — home of the No. 2-ranked Wet Seal — had the lowest overall percentage of women in top leadership positions of any county in the state.Santa Clara County had the second-lowest percentage.San Francisco and San Mateo counties had the highest percentage of women in top leadership positions.Companies in the retail and wholesale sector were the most likely to have at least one woman executive among the highest-paid. Semiconductor and software companies continued to rank at the bottom, with women holding 3 percent, or fewer than one in 28, of the highest-paid executive positions.UC Davis partnered on this year’s study with Watermark, a Bay Area-based nonprofit that offers programs for executive women. Previous studies were conducted with the Forum for Women Entrepreneurs and Executives, Watermark’s forerunner.“Women are the next global economy. They make up a majority of the work force in nine of the 10 occupations that will add the most jobs in the next eight years," said Marilyn Nagel, CEO of Watermark. “Despite this, women still represent a significant minority on boards. There are many qualified women capable of serving on boards who are not currently getting those roles.”To download a full copy of the study, including industry-by-industry and county-by-county statistics, visit www.gsm.ucdavis.edu/census . Provided byUniversity of California
Wayne,It would seem that just allowing the setting for assistive technology to extract content would be the best PDF (Portable Document Format) solution because it prevents the most easily used content extraction methods, and only opens up a channel that is not that familiar to most users, and not that accessible to technology for copying. One cannot save such a PDF as text, but it can be read out as speech by assistive technology.The main glory for the PDF is printing, especially when the application that produced it is not available such as a high end desktop publishing program. Documents formatted for print are not ideal for viewing or reading on screen. A properly constructed alternative such as an HTML version is always more usable and accessible on screen. Note that the World Wide Web Consortium makes their official web recommendations available on the Internet in HTML format while often providing alternatives such as PDF for printing. The official document version for this organization is always the HTML version at a specific location on their site, and their site is exposed to the full Internet.People like creating PDF files because it is a no-brainer but it is a clumsy usability impaired format for the web. For maximum accessibility for screen use Adobe recommends a horizontal rectangle 4 by 3 inch format (10.8 by 7.6 centimeters) - now how many people are going to format their Word files in that shape? That format helps both visual and non-visual users by keeping the content on each page fully on the screen for the great majority of screen sizes. Even this is usually not as readable as a good properly tagged HTML file.While setting security on a PDF file to allow screen readers users to access the content will still prevent copying and pasting text, screen reader access might allow printing to an embosser into Braille because the embosser would be operating through the screen reader technology. As far as I have been able to find out, no visual text printing system from screen readers has been developed. I doubt most nefariously minded users will think of using this Braille method to get the text of a protected PDF; after all, accessibility is still a dim bulb in most web and organizational environments.Even with preventing access to accessibility technology there is still a fairly simple way to get the text out of the document short of manual transcribing or using software to crack the security, although it does take a bit more time and effort than copy and paste. Screen capture of the page in Acrobat Reader is possible even if text access or screen reader access is disallowed. With a large monitor that shows the whole page, one can paste the capture into an application like Photoshop, and save it in an optical character recognition (OCR) compatible image format, and then process it with OCR software.This is possible because the screen capture process is a function that lies outside the Acrobat applications. The image quality of the image text is clean so there should be few errors in converting the image to text with OCR. In any case, either manual transcription, or screen capture to an image and subsequent conversion to text, the person desiring to make a fraudulent version of the document will still have to reconstruct appearance of the original format in a word processor or other application, and then convert that to PDF.There is a piece of software called the Kurzweil Virtual Printer that uses OCR to transform documents. As I have not used this technology, it is not entirely clear from the specifications or posts on the Internet whether its ability to read PDF files directly depends on its ability to scan the screen and use OCR, or to use the print function in Acrobat to get at the information by printing to an OCR compatible image format; if the latter, electronic documents secured from printing would not be accessible to this technology.Security is as much a matter of trust and human behavior as it is technology. The object is to put a sufficient number of barriers to illegitimate use so that all but the most dedicated scoundrels will think it is not worth the effort. Private PDF documents can be password protected for opening, but documents for public consumption surely cannot unless you want to set up a system for creating and distributing individual passwords, but anyone can give away a password. If official versions of documents are always located on a particular server, reasonable diligence at the server can prevent most security problems. Employees of the system just need to know that that is the only location to get the official version.Another method is to use the PDF e-book format Adobe owns which will automatically provide similar protection by restricting the file to a particular hard drive via electronic licensing. This requires Adobe's Content Server and Acrobat Reader 6.0. Acrobat Reader 6.0 replaces the wretched former eBook reader, which had a poor interface even for non-disabled users, and was considered completely inaccessible. According to Adobe if the publisher has activated the read out loud feature, an eBook can be read out by the computer. This system is restricted to a PC, the Macintosh with OSX, with the most recent Acrobat version. Such files can also be read on Palm handhelds but I do not know how much progress has been made on enabling these devices to convert content to speech.However, that adds another layer of hassle to get a file. I just tried to download a sample eBook from a commercial vendor, that allowed one to go through the permissions and transaction process with zero cost, and the process failed. I was using the Mozilla browser and Acrobat Reader 6.0 and the process failed. I then tried Internet Explorer and the process also failed. The web site had a pop-up window that showed in Internet Explorer, but which was suppressed by my settings in Mozilla but the result in either case was the sample eBook still did not download. That was without trying to do it without a screen reader.Information published by Adobe on the Adobe Content Server follows.Adobe Content Server is a Web-based product for packaging and distributing eBooks and other media. The latest version is 3.0; this version is compatible with the Acrobat 6.0 family. Adobe Content Server has the following capabilities: * Encrypt PDF eBooks using Adobe DRM or PDF Merchant technology * With Adobe DRM protection, set permissions for printing and copying all or portions of eBooks and for reading eBooks aloud * With Adobe DRM protection, set a fixed expiration time for an eBook or expiration after a specified amount of reading time * Manage information about online bookstores, libraries, and distribution vendors * Deploy eBook content files to servers on the Web * Fulfill eBook vouchers, containing decryption keys and permissions, for eBooks purchased from bookstores or lent by online libraries * Distribute eBooks to clients and procure eBooks from vendors who also use Adobe Content ServerIf disabled users cannot access these policies in PDF format for the California State University System, should they be bound to follow them? Perhaps the Chancellor could hire a live person interpreter for each visually impaired user to read such policies to them.To summarize, since, as has been pointed out by others on this thread, that because the PDF security can be cracked in various ways easier to use than through assistive technology, and a document can be fraudulently reconstructed in various ways, then allowing assistive technology access in a secure PDF file is not really significantly less secure, and is considerably more time and cost effective than using more complicated methods to restrict access. The typical avenues to transform the content from that point on are quite restricted, ending in an active Braille display, embossed Braille, or speech. Properly tagged HTML is best for assistive technology, and everybody else too. The policies of a university are not quite in the same class as military secrets or industrial secrets. The Chancellor's office needs to relax a bit.Terence de Giere = EMAIL ADDRESS REMOVED = ----To subscribe, unsubscribe, suspend, or view list archives, visit
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